Justice Dept and FTC debating over which agency can probe OpenAI

The Justice Department and the Federal Trade Commission are deep in discussions over which agency can probe OpenAI, including the ChatGPT creators’ involvement with Microsoft, on antitrust grounds.

The FTC initiated talks with the DOJ months ago to figure out which one can review the matter, according to three people with knowledge of the matter. But neither agency is ready to relinquish jurisdiction, the people said, which must be resolved before the government can formally intervene in one of the most high-profile and controversial tech partnerships in recent years.

Microsoft has put billions of dollars into OpenAI over the last several years. OpenAI is using Microsoft’s vast computing resources to develop its technology, and the software giant is integrating OpenAI’s services into its core businesses, including the Bing search engine. And given how fast the technology is advancing, it is imperative the agencies reach a resolution soon, some of the people said.

The discussions are largely limited to Microsoft and OpenAI and are not part of a broader dialogue over which agency will investigate artificial intelligence issues, the people said. However, there is a separate interagency debate that started more recently over who can investigate these companies for allegedly illegally scraping content from websites to train their AI models, according to some of the people.

Companies must report most deals for review by federal antitrust regulators, but Microsoft and OpenAI did not. Microsoft maintains it does not exercise any control over OpenAI, which is a limited for-profit company controlled by a nonprofit organization. That lack of control has been called into question following Microsoft’s role in the rehiring of OpenAI CEO Sam Altman days after he was fired late last year.

Both agencies are monitoring the situation with Altman and Microsoft’s involvement, the people said.

Regulators’ concerns include whether the partnership gives both companies unfair advantages in the rapidly evolving market for artificial intelligence, particularly around the technology used for large language models, according to the people.

There is no law barring both agencies from investigating the same matter, but in the interest of comity, they have historically not done so.

The issue came to a head most prominently in 2019 when then-FTC Chair Joseph Simons and then-DOJ antitrust chief Makan Delrahim reached a handshake deal to allow the FTC to pursue monopolization investigations into Meta (then Facebook) and Amazon, while the DOJ would handle investigations of Google and Apple. That agreement was reached after roughly a year of negotiations, according to people with knowledge of the process.

Following that agreement, the DOJ decided to investigate Meta anyway, causing tension between the two agencies, according to those same people. That was short-lived however, with the DOJ eventually ceding ground to its sister agency.

“Under Lina Khan the FTC works in harmony with [DOJ antitrust head] Jonathan Kanter and our DOJ colleagues to vigorously enforce the antitrust laws,” said FTC spokesperson Douglas Farrar in a statement. “Our joint clearance process with the DOJ is seamless, and that lets both agencies effectively use their resources to protect American consumers from higher prices and unfair competition,” he added, referring to the process by which the two agencies divvy up jurisdiction.

CT Bureau